Ferrofluid-enabled micro rotary-linear actuator for endoscopic three-dimensional imaging and spectroscopy
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract This work develops the first tubular microactuator functionalized by ferrofluid that enables both rotational and axial motions in a simultaneous or selective manner for endoscopic imaging and spectroscopy catheter applications. A layer of ferrofluid attracted on the magnetic rotor/slider lifts it off the inner walls of the catheter tube, offering a near friction-less electromagnetic revolution of the rotor and/or its sliding motion along the catheter’s axis controlled by a fluidic pressure. A device prototype coupled with a prism mirror is microfabricated and evaluated to verify the effectiveness of the device design for 3-dimesnional (3D) scanning of a probing laser beam. Measurements show a superior revolving stability along its axis compared to the preceding design without axial motion function. An application of angle-resolved endoscopic Raman spectroscopy is experimentally demonstrated through an ex-vivo test using mouse tissue. The study suggests a promising potential of the microactuator for 3D endoscopic applications with Raman spectroscopy and likely with other modalities including ultrasound and optical coherence tomography.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".