Leishmania RNA Virus 1 (LRV-1) in Leishmania (Viannia) braziliensis Isolates from Peru: A Description of Demographic and Clinical Correlates
Bibliographic record
Abstract
RNA virus 1-1 (LRV-1-1) is a dsRNA virus identified in isolates of Leishmania ( Viannia ) braziliensis and thought to advance localized cutaneous leishmaniasis (LCL) to mucocutaneous or mucosal leishmaniasis (MCL/ML). We examined the prevalence of LRV-1 and its correlation to phenotypes of American tegumentary leishmaniasis caused by L . ( V. ) braziliensis from Peru to better understand its epidemiology. Clinical isolates of L . ( V. ) braziliensis were screened for LRV-1 by real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and stratified according to the phenotype: LCL (< 4 ulcers in number) MCL/ML; inflammatory ulcers (erythematous, purulent, painful ulcers with or without lymphatic involvement) or multifocal ulcers (≥ 4 in ≥ 2 anatomic sites). Proportionate LRV-1 positivity was compared across phenotypes. Of 78 L . ( V. ) braziliensis isolates, 26 (54.2%) had an inflammatory phenotype, 22 (28%) had the MCL/ML phenotype, whereas 30 (38.5%) had LCL. Mucocutaneous or mucosal leishmaniasis was found exclusively in adult male enrollees. Leishmania RNA virus 1 positivity by phenotype was as follows: 9/22 (41%) with MCL/ML; 5/26 (19%) with an inflammatory/multifocal cutaneous leishmaniasis phenotype; and 7/30 (23%) with LCL ( P = 0.19). Leishmania RNA virus 1 positivity was not associated with age ( P = 0.55) or gender ( P = 0.49). Relative LRV-1 copy number was greater in those with MCL/ML than those with inflammatory/multifocal CL ( P = 0.02). A direct association between LRV-1 status and clinical phenotype was not demonstrated; however, relative LRV-1 copy number was highest in those with MCL/ML. Future analyses to understand the relationship between viral burden and pathogenesis are required to determine if LRV-1 is truly a contributor to the MCL/ML phenotype.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.002 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".