Earth Current and GPR Distributions Due to Lightning and Effect of a Distribution Line
Bibliographic record
Abstract
This article investigates the transient characteristics of earth currents and grounding potential rises (GPRs) produced by lightning strikes directly to the earth and to a vertical conductor with a grounding electrode. Influences of the earth depth and the distance from the lightning channel are discussed based on a field test and finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) computed results. The validity of the FDTD is confirmed in comparison with the field test results. Based on the FDTD results, a large portion of the lightning current is observed to flow along the earth surface during a transient period. The current density is roughly proportional to 1/r <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sup> (r: distance from the lightning base) for the lightning to the earth surface, and 1/Lr for the lightning to a vertical conductor with a grounding electrode of length L. The GPR shows similar characteristics. Electromagnetic field radiated from the lightning to the earth contributes to the peak of the earth-surface current, and it becomes dominant when r is larger than 10 m. The pole grounding of a distribution line nearby the lightning absorbs a portion of the lightning current and, thus, the current density becomes larger toward the distribution pole.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".