Bibliographic record
Abstract
The infiltrability of frozen soils strongly influences the partitioning of snowmelt and hydrological functioning of cold regions. Preferential flow in macropores may enhance infiltration into frozen soil, but flow dynamics are complicated by coupled water and heat transfer processes. Field studies were conducted in the Canadian Prairies to evaluate the dominant mechanisms controlling preferential flow in frozen soils, and the combined influence of soil freeze-thaw and preferential flow on snowmelt-driven infiltration and groundwater recharge. Results showed that preferential flow enabled relatively large amounts of snowmelt infiltration when the soil was still frozen, but that refreezing of infiltrated meltwater during winter snowmelt events progressively reduced soil infiltrability and enhanced runoff generation over subsequent events. Preferential flow allowed meltwater to bypass portions of the frozen soil and facilitated the lateral transport of meltwater between high and low topographic positions and groundwater recharge through frozen ground. Insights gained from field studies were used to develop a dual-permeability model of unsaturated flow in frozen soils that assumes two interacting pore domains (macropore and matrix) with distinct water and heat transfer regimes. This dual-permeability formulation was incorporated into the hydrological model HydroGeoSphere to account for liquid-ice phase change in macropores, such that porewater freezing in macropores is governed by macropore-matrix energy transfer. The model was tested against field and laboratory observations and used to examine the effects of preferential flow on snowmelt partitioning between surface and subsurface flow in frozen soils. Simulations were able to reproduce measured profile-scale infiltration and drainage in frozen soil due to macropores, as well as hillslope-scale partitioning of snowmelt input between runoff, infiltration and groundwater recharge. Incorporating macropore flow and freeze-thaw processes was key to simulating the hydrologic functioning of the prairie grassland landscape, and results highlighted that refreezing of infiltrated water governed by macropore-matrix heat transfer is an important subsurface process controlling runoff generation in frozen soils. This study improves our understanding of, and ability to predict, the effects of preferential flow and freeze-thaw on frozen soil infiltrability, and how these processes dictate the partitioning of snowmelt between surface runoff, soil moisture and groundwater recharge in seasonally frozen landscapes.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.017 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".