Correlations between ULF wave power, solar wind speed, and relativistic electron flux in the magnetosphere: Solar cycle dependence
Bibliographic record
Abstract
We present results from a rank order correlation coefficient (ROCC) analysis between ground-based 1-10 mHz ultra-low frequency (ULF) wave power, upstream solar wind speed (v SW ), and MeV electron flux across the outer radiation belt. We use data spanning a complete solar cycle (1990-2001) from ground magnetometers from the SAMNET and IMAGE arrays, and MeV electron data from the Los Alamos spacecraft at geosynchronous orbit (GEO) and from a HEO spacecraft at L = 5.5 and 4.5. We find a very high correlation between ULF wave power and r SW at all local times and on all L-shells between L = 3.1 and 6.6. Very strong cross-L-shell ULF power coherence is maintained throughout the solar cycle, although the efficiency of r SW in driving a given ULF power response is solar cycle dependent. Peak ULF power and peak ROCC (∼0.75) are observed during the declining phase of the solar cycle around 1994-1995, with smaller localised peaks in these parameters occurring during slower average v SW conditions close to solar maximum in 2000. There is also a strong correlation of both v SW and ULF power with MeV electron flux, these correlations being more strongly dependent on solar cycle phase. The v SW and ULF power correlations with MeV electron flux peak during the late declining phase of the solar cycle, when the radiation belts are most intense. Our results confirm that radiation belt flux demonstrates extremely strong global cross-L-shell coherence throughout the solar cycle. The ROCC between v SW or ULF power and MeV electron flux demonstrate a clear and systematic time lag following the peak in either v SW or ULF power. Electron fluxes respond first at GEO (lag ∼ 2 days), before subsequently peaking at lower L-shells. Importantly, our results indicate that u SW -correlated MeV electron acceleration processes operate by inwards radial transport. The correlation between ULF power and MeV energy electron flux further suggests that ULF waves could be causally responsible via ULF wave enhanced radial diffusion.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.004 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".