An evaluation of PZT5A, PIN-PMN-PT Single Crystal, and High-Dielectric PZT for a 5mm x 5mm Histotripsy Transducer
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Three 5 MHz, 1-3 piezoelectric-epoxy composites with a volume fraction of approximately 40 percent were fabricated using the dice-and-fill technique. The composites, made from PZT-5A, single crystal PIN-PMN-PT, and CTS 3257HD, a high-dielectric piezoelectric, were cut to 5 mm x 5 mm a mounted to an aluminum lens of the same dimensions with a 5 mm focus, and the focal pressure as a function of drive voltage was measured using a 40 um needle hydrophone from Precision Acoustics while driving the transducer to steady-state using a custom, in-house adjustable voltage pulser with a peak voltage of 600 V. The focal pressure for each device was found to increase as, 6.6, 8.6, 9.0 MPa/100V for the PZT-5A, PIN-PMN-PT and CTS 3257 HD, respectively. It is expected that the CTS 3257 HD and PIN-PMN-PT should be capable of generating cavitation within the range of the current pulser, while we expect the PIN-PMN-PT could generate more pressure with higher voltages, but a new pulser would be required. The PZT-5A composite has been shown to reach its saturation limit at 500 V (1.5V/ μm) and, at this voltage, may not always be capable of generating cavitation consistently.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.003 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".