Physicochemical properties of enzymatically modified pea protein‐enriched flour treated by different enzymes to varying levels of hydrolysis
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract Background and objectives Air‐classified pea protein‐enriched flour (PPEF) was modified with trypsin, Savinase, papain, and pepsin to achieve 2%–4% and 10%–12% degrees of hydrolysis, and the surface and functional properties of the hydrolyzed products were assessed. Findings Surface hydrophobicity increased from 13.3 to 48.5 A.U. with papain treatment. Surface charge became more electronegative from −12.6 to −19.0 mV with pepsin treatment. However, solubility of hydrolyzed PPEF at all pH values tested (4.0, 7.0, and 10.0), regardless of enzyme treatment, decreased. Low solubility of hydrolyzed proteins negatively impacted solubility‐dependant functional properties: foaming properties and emulsifying properties decreased. However solubility‐independent properties (water‐ and oil‐holding capacity; WHC and OHC, respectively) improved with proteolysis, increasing from 0.6 g/g to 1.4–2.0 g/g and from 0.7 g/g to 1.0–1.5 g/g, respectively. Conclusions Papain treatment yielded the best results in terms of both OHC and WHC of PPEF. Significance and novelty The resultant hydrolyzates have potential for baked goods and processed meat applications because of their increased OHC and WHC.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".