High Performance Oxygen Reduction/Evolution Electrodes for Zinc–Air Batteries Prepared by Atomic Layer Deposition of MnO<sub><i>x</i></sub>
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Oxygen reduction electrodes for zinc–air batteries (ZAB) have been prepared by depositing conformal films of MnOx directly onto high surface area gas diffusion layers (GDL) via atomic layer deposition (ALD). MnOx films were prepared by means of two deposition conditions: one using a forming gas (95% N2, 5% H2) plasma (FG-MnOx) and one using an O2 plasma (O2-MnOx). A composite electrode of FG-MnOx + CoOx was also examined. The conformal nature of ALD films allowed for MnOx to be deposited within the porosity of the GDL, as confirmed by X-ray microanalysis. Full cell ZAB tests showed excellent performance for MnOx-coated electrodes, outperforming Pt/Ru–C at current densities larger than 100 mA cm–2. Annealed FG-MnOx and O2-MnOx electrodes had maximum power densities of 170 and 184 mW cm–2, respectively. With the catalyst distributed within the structure of the GDL, performance limitations associated with electrolyte flooding and air diffusion are reduced, improving discharge potential and cycling behavior. FG-MnOx + CoOx electrodes showed good cycling stability, both in a trielectrode configuration and bifunctionally. When cycled at 20 mA cm–2 for 100 h (200 cycles), FG-MnOx + CoOx had initial and final discharge potentials of 1.18 and 1.15 V, respectively.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".