Perylenedianhydride-Based Polyimides as Organic Cathodes for Rechargeable Lithium and Sodium Batteries
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Bibliographic record
Abstract
Organic carbonyl molecules have recently been investigated as redox-active electrode materials in rechargeable organic batteries (ROBs), and although redox-active polymers offer high specific energy density and tunable redox potential windows, their undesirable dissolution into aprotic electrolytes during charge/discharge cycling and their poor electronic conductivity compromised their utilization in ROBs. To overcome these challenges, we synthesized, for the first time, two 3,4:9,10-perylenetetracarboxylic dianhydride (PTCDA)-based polyimides, namely, perylenediimide-benzidine (PDI-Bz) and perylenediimide-urea (PDI-Ur), and utilized them as organic cathode materials for lithium-ion batteries and sodium-ion batteries. These cathode materials are synthesized through imidization of a non-bay-substituted PTCDA unit by using bifunctional amine compounds (i.e., benzidine and carbonyl diamine (urea)) via a simple one-step reaction. Our organic metal-ion batteries employing PDI-Bz demonstrate a high discharge capacity of 120 mAh/g (with a reversible capacity of ∼54 mAh/g) vs Li+/Li and the second discharge capacity of 111 mAh/g (∼74 mAh/g) vs Na+/Na with two discharge voltage plateaus in the range of 1.9–2.4 V. The cells retained a capacity retention of 46% vs Li+/Li and 55.2% vs Na+/Na over 50 cycles. PDI-Ur exhibits higher lithiation capacity of ∼119 mAh/g at the 14th cycling (increased discharge capacity of ∼118 mAh/g at the 25th cycling). In SIBs, PDI-Ur shows an initial discharge capacity of ∼119 mAh/g with a single discharge voltage plateau around 1.9 V vs Na+/Na and the capacity retention of ∼78.7% (∼93 mAh/g) over 50 cycles, both of which are suggesting a potential feasibility of these PTCDA-based polyimides as promising organic cathode materials for high-capacity metal-ions batteries.
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Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it