Modeling Solid-State Phase Transformations of 13Cr-4Ni Steels in Welding Heat-Affected Zone
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract Fatigue damage is commonly encountered by operators of Francis type hydraulic turbine runners made of 13Cr-4Ni soft martensitic stainless steel. These large and complex welded casting assemblies are subjected to fatigue crack initiation and growth in the vicinity of their welded regions. It is well known that fatigue behavior is influenced by residual stresses and the microstructure. By including solid-state phase transformation models in welding simulations, phase distribution can be evaluated along with their respective volumetric change and their effect on residual stresses. Thus, it enables the assessment of welding process on fatigue crack behavior by numerical methods. This paper focuses on modeling solid-state phase transformations of 13Cr-4Ni soft martensitic stainless steel, used for manufacturing hydraulic turbine runners, occurring upon welding. It proposes to determine the material parameters of the models for both the austenitic and the martensitic transformation by nonisothermal dilatometry tests. The experiments are conducted in a quenching dilatometer with applied thermal conditions as experienced in the heat-affected zone of homogeneous welds. The activation energy and the kinetic parameters of the austenitic transformation from fully martensitic state are measured from the experimental results. The martensitic transformation modeling from a fully austenitic domain is also presented.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".