Infestation parameters of chewing lice (Phthiraptera: Amblycera and Ischnocera) on bald eagles,<i>Haliaeetus leucocephalus</i>(Accipitriformes: Accipitridae), in Manitoba, Canada
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract Bald eagles (Haliaeetus leucocephalus(Linnaeus); Accipitriformes: Accipitridae) from 92 locations in Manitoba were examined for chewing lice (Phthiraptera: Amblycera and Ischnocera) from 1992 to 2017. Bald eagles were salvaged from rehabilitation hospitals and were examined using two methods, dry-ruffling (n= 107) and washing (n= 40). We collected 39 066 bald eagle lice of four genera and six species:Colpocephalum flavescens(De Haan),C. napiforme(Rudow),C. turbinatum(Denny) (Phthiraptera: Menoponidae) (total for allColpocephalumspecies = 18 082),Craspedorrhynchus halieti(Osborn) (Phthiraptera: Philopteridae) (n= 49),Degeeriella discocephalus(Burmeister) (Phthiraptera: Philopteridae) (n= 20 912), andKurodaia fulvofasciata(Piaget) (Phthiraptera: Menoponidae) (n= 23). Quantitative data were collected on all genera with the comparison of washed to dry-ruffled.Colpocephalum flavescensandD. discocephalusdominated the louse populations, with similar prevalence and mean intensity. Both genera had sex ratios near 1.0, and similar nymph-to-female ratios near 3:1. The dry-ruffling method was relatively inefficient, collecting 11% as many lice as the washing method. Total prevalence for dry-ruffled birds was 63%; total mean intensity was 103.5, but for washed birds, the prevalence was 93% with a mean intensity of 861.1. NoLaemobothrion vulturis(Fabricius) (Phthiraptera: Laemobothriidae) were found.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".