Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract On 25 July 2010, an oil pipeline transporting diluted bitumen from the tar sands region of Alberta, Canada ruptured near Marshall, Michigan. Over the course of 17 hours, oil gushed from a six‐foot seam in the pipeline. By the time personnel from the pipeline company Enbridge, Inc., finally realized the line was compromised, over a million gallons of oil had spilled into Talmadge Creek, a tributary of the Kalamazoo River. The oil traveled almost two miles down the creek and entered the river, which flows some 130 miles in a northwesterly direction until it reaches Lake Michigan. Because a spill of this type and magnitude had never before occurred in a body of fresh water, it would ultimately take nearly seven years and cost more than a billion dollars to clean it up, making it the costliest inland oil spill in the US history. The Marshall spill is significant for what it taught scientists, industry, and the public about the behavior of diluted bitumen in fresh water, for bringing into visibility the threats posed by the nation's vast pipeline infrastructure to sensitive freshwater resources, and for its bellwether role in North American grassroots and indigenous movements focused on water protection.
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.018 | 0.003 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; both teacher heads agree on what is shown here.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".