Removal of trihalomethanes from high organic matter water sources using aeration: a feasibility study
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract In this study, diffused aeration was applied to remove trihalomethane (THM) compounds from chlorinated, treated water containing high dissolved organic carbon (DOC) of 6.8 ± 1.2 mg/L. Increasing air-to-water volumetric ratio (rA/W) from 16 to 39 enhanced total THM (TTHM) removal from 60 to 70% at 20 °C and from 30 to 50% at 4 °C. Although bromodichloromethane has lower Henry's law constant than chloroform (CF), it was removed by a higher degree than CF in some aeration trials. Albeit obtaining high removals in aeration, TTHM reformed, and their concentration surpassed the Canadian guideline of 100 ppb in about 24 hours at 20 °C and 40 hours at 10 °C in all attempted air-to-water ratios. The water age in the system investigated in this study varied from 48 hours in midpoint chlorine boosting stations to 336 hours in the nearest endpoint. This study showed that THM removal by aeration is not a viable solution to control the concentration of these disinfection by-products in high-DOC treated water and in distribution systems where water age exceeds 24 hours; unless, it is going to be installed at the distribution endpoints.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.003 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.019 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; both teacher heads agree on what is shown here.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".