Vortex Structure of a Synthetic Jet Issuing into a Turbulent Boundary Layer from a Finite-span Rectangular Orifice
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The vortical structures formed during the expulsion stroke of synthetic jet actuation depend upon both the amplitude and the frequency of the actuation. Much work has been done to characterize jets ejected through circular orifices in crossflow, but less has been done for synthetic jets ejected through finite-span rectangular orifices. Implicit large-eddy simulation is used to elucidate the synthetic jet vortical structures issuing from a finite-span rectangular orifice into a turbulent boundary layer for a range of synthetic jet frequencies and blowing ratios. The evolution of the vortical structures near the jet orifice shows small horseshoe-shaped structures initially forming at the edges of the jet at moderate to high frequencies and low blowing ratios, similar to in quiescent conditions. These either coalesce to form a large horseshoe structure downstream, or partially break down to form a streamwise vortex pair at the edges of the orifice. At lower frequencies, the expulsion stroke is longer and the downstream vortex gets stretched downstream before forming a horsehoe-shaped vortical structure. At higher blowing ratios, the near field evolution is very similar to the ejection of the jet into quiescent flow; however, the presence of the crossflow prevents it from fully developing and stretches the vortical structures downstream, forming many different structures.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".