Currency Manipulation and WTO Laws: Should the Anti-Dumping Mechanism Be Entirely Dumped?
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract Currency devaluation resembles subsidy and dumping in terms of its impact on global trade – it grants price advantages to exporting companies. Unlike subsidy and dumping, however, multilateral regulation of currency manipulation is far from sufficient. The World Trade Organization (WTO), whose core principles are undermined by currency manipulation, plays no role in the regulatory framework. This article discusses possible avenues for the WTO to combat currency manipulation in future negotiations. Particularly, it proposes a new approach, which is to allow the application of the surrogate price method in anti-dumping investigations against currency manipulators. The anti-dumping mechanism has long been overlooked in the relevant literature as it is believed to combat company-level activities rather than State-level activities. This new approach proposes to treat fundamental exchange rate misalignment as a special market condition which allows anti-dumping investigation authorities to use the surrogate price method to eliminate the trade distortion caused by it.
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.002 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".