The Vaccination against Smallpox in Russia in the First Quarter of the 19th Century: Documents from the St. Petersburg and Moscow Gubernias
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The Vaccination against Smallpox in Russia in the First Quarter of the 19th Century: Documents from the The article is devoted to the initial period in the history of vaccination against smallpox in Russia. Since 1811, vaccination against smallpox became nationwide, however, its effectiveness varied from gubernia to gubernia. Modern scientific literature focuses on anti-epidemic activities of the 2nd half of the 19th century. One of the little-studied subjects is the vaccination against smallpox in the St. Petersburg and Moscow gubernias in the 1st quarter of the 19th century. For a long time, smallpox was one of the major factors of mortality in Russia. The study of the organization of vaccination in 1811 -1820 in the St. Petersburg and Moscow gubernias, which had a special status, is important for comprehensive analysis of the development of national medicine and identification of major factors in gradual change in measures of mortality. The source base is reports sent to the Ministry of Internal Affairs by the Moscow civil governor and St. Petersburg medical board (Physicut), as well as reports of the uezd doctors. These documents are being thus introduced into scientific use. Statistical methods for processing mass sources are applied and relational databases created. The article discusses absolute and relative indicators characterizing the success of vaccination in each gubernia and characterizes the organization of the smallpox vaccination: its regularity, equal distribution in the uezds, personnel.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.004 | 0.004 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".