Validity of Cognitive Assessment Tools for Older Adult Hispanics: A Systematic Review
Bibliographic record
Abstract
OBJECTIVES: A higher prevalence and incidence of dementia is found in Hispanic/Latino older adults. Therefore, valid instruments are necessary to assess cognitive functioning in this population group. Our aim was to review existing articles that have examined and reported on the validity of cognitive assessment tools in Hispanic/Latino population groups in the United States. DESIGN: Systematic literature review according to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-analysis. MEASUREMENTS: We systematically searched in the PubMed and Web of Science databases and assessed the quality of the search results using the Standards for the Reporting of Diagnostic Accuracy Studies. We included evidence from within the United States as well as from Spanish-speaking countries of origin (Mexico, Central and South America, and the Caribbean). RESULTS: The literature search revealed 27 studies with adequate quality that investigated 13 instruments. The Mini-Mental Status Examination (MMSE) was the most frequently investigated instrument in Hispanic/Latino groups in the United States with high sensitivity for dementia but also with significant differences for ethnicity and education. The Addenbrooke Cognitive Examination-Revised, Montreal Cognitive Assessment, 10/66 short diagnostic schedule, clock-drawing test, Phototest, Eurotest, and Executive Battery 25 had good diagnostic performance in Spanish-speaking countries. The naming test and verbal fluency tests have a higher risk of misclassifying US Hispanics/Latinos who have dementia. CONCLUSION: Evidence on validity suggests that the MMSE may be an appropriate cognitive assessment tool for Hispanics. More research is needed to confirm the validity of cognitive tools to assess Hispanic/Latino groups for Alzheimer's disease and other related dementias in the United States to reduce current trends of culturally biased under- or overdiagnosis of cognitive impairments. J Am Geriatr Soc 68:882-888, 2020.
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.014 | 0.073 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.007 | 0.009 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.009 | 0.007 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.002 | 0.002 |
| Open science | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".