Effect of Injection Mach Number on Penetration in a Supersonic Crossflow
Bibliographic record
Abstract
For a transverse gaseous jet in supersonic crossflows, the empirical formula implies that the jet penetration height will monotonically increase with the injection Mach number under a certain crossflow condition. However, due to the high backpressure outside the jet orifice, the penetration height will not go to infinity with further increasing the injection Mach number. In this paper, theoretical derivations and numerical simulations were carried out to investigate the effect of injection Mach number on the jet penetration characteristics of a supersonic jet in an 2.95 crossflow. By proposing an approximation that the backpressure outside the orifice is equal to the pressure of the air inflow passing a normal shock, it is predicted that the jet penetration height reaches its maximum at the Mach number when no shock appears in the Laval nozzle under this backpressure. Furthermore, the distribution characteristics of injectant, the shock structures, and near-wall wake region features were obtained and analyzed. The simulation results show that changing the injection Mach number would significantly influence the structures of shocks and the near-wall wake features, which impacts the spatial distribution of injectant. Similar to the jet penetration height, there also exists a turning point in the variation trend of most structures, rather than monotonously changing with the injection Mach number. For the given condition, the quantitative analysis indicates that the penetration height approximately reaches its peak at injection Mach number , which is consistent with the theoretical assumptions.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".