Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract X ‐ray absorption spectroscopy ( XAS ) is one of the oldest and most widely employed spectroscopy techniques today. The principles emerged shortly after Röntgen's discovery of X ‐rays in 1895 (Sagnac, G. (1901) Ann. Chim. Phys ., 23 , 145–198; Stumm von Bordwehr, R. (1989) Ann. Phys. Fr ., 14 , 377–466), while the discovery and naming of the K‐ and L‐lines occurred in 1911 (Stumm von Bordwehr (1989); Inokuti, M. and Noguchi, T. (1974) Am. J. Phys ., 42 , 1118–1119). The first tunable synchrotron light source was built in the 1940s, and while their use in the study of materials dates back to roughly 50 years ago, it was only in the 1980s that soft X ‐ray absorption spectroscopy rose to its current popularity. Today, XAS is routinely applied at all synchrotron sources to solve scientific problems in physics, chemistry, material sciences, life sciences, geology, medicine, and engineering. The technique is powerful because it is element specific, nondestructive, and highly sensitive to the local bonding environment and geometric structure surrounding the absorbing atom as well as to spin, orbital angular momenta, and the polarization of the exciting radiation.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.004 | 0.002 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.002 | 0.003 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.002 | 0.004 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.007 | 0.004 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".