Effects of Resistance Exercise on Glycated Hemoglobin and Functional Performance in Older Patients with Comorbid Diabetes Mellitus and Knee Osteoarthritis: A Randomized Trial
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is significantly associated with osteoarthritis (OA). This study investigated the effects of two resistance exercise approaches on glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) level and function performance. Enrolled were 70 older patients with both T2DM and knee OA. The dynamic group performed resistance exercises with an elastic resistance band. The isometric group underwent isometric contraction exercises. After the 12-week intervention, a significant within-group improvement (all p < 0.001) was observed for the chair stand test (CST; 10.8%, vs. 7.1%), timed up and go (TUG) test (12.6% vs. 7.6%), Western Ontario and McMaster Universities Osteoarthritis (WOMAC) physical function subscale (62.3% vs. 36.1%), and overall WOMAC (54.5% vs. 34.5%) in the dynamic and isometric group, respectively. In addition, in terms of between-group differences, the dynamic group had significant improvements in CST (p = 0.011), TUG (p < 0.001), WOMAC physical function subscale (p = 0.033), and overall WOMAC (p = 0.036) scores compared with the isometric group. However, no significant change in HbA1c was observed in either group. In conclusion, the dynamic resistance exercise significantly improved muscle strength, dynamic balance, and physical function in this comorbid population; however, there was no notable difference in change in HbA1c among different resistance exercises.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.003 | 0.002 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.002 | 0.002 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.003 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".