Ultrasound‐steam combination process for microbial decontamination and heat transfer enhancement
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract Steam is by far the most effective heating medium used in commercial thermal processing applications. However, for rapid short time direct heating of food products it poses some serious difficulties because of the presence of air along the surface and internal tissues of the food products interferes with the heat transfer mechanism and slows down the effective heating of the surface. Addition of an ultrasound environment to steam can assist in removing this surface barrier and promote better heat transfer. The objective of this research was to evaluate the suitability of ultrasound—steam combination heating for (a) microbial decontamination and (b) enhancing heat transfer. It was demonstrated that short‐time (15 s) combined ultrasound—steam heating could result in more than five logarithmic cycle destruction ofEscherichia colipopulation on carrot surfaces. Secondly, for longer time heating, the combination heat treatment was more efficient than steam alone for enhancing heat transfer rates contributing to achieve a lower heating rate index, higher temperatures and higher process lethality values. Practical Applications Surface contamination of fruits, vegetables, and meats present a serious problem with respect to public health safety and their marketability. Many techniques have been employed for microbial decontamination of food contact surfaces only with limited success. New methods are always evolving to improve the process efficiency without impairing the product quality. Physical methods are gaining more popularity than chemicals due to consumer concerns for chemical additives. While steam and sound have been independently used successfully for various food processing applications, their combination has not been widely tried either to improve the efficacy of surface decontamination or improved heat transfer. The main focus of this study is to review and demonstrate the success ultrasound‐steam combination process.
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".