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Record W2999018199 · doi:10.34067/kid.0000462019

Global Dialysis Perspective: Canada

2020· article· en· W2999018199 on OpenAlex
Peter G. Blake

Why this work is in the frame

A frame that forgets how it found something cannot be audited. These are the routes that admitted this work.

affAt least one author lists a Canadian institution in the pinned OpenAlex snapshot.
aboutThe title or abstract carries a Canadian signal from the geographic lexicon.

Bibliographic record

VenueKidney360 · 2020
Typearticle
Languageen
FieldMedicine
TopicDialysis and Renal Disease Management
Canadian institutionsLondon Health Sciences CentreWestern University
Fundersnot available
KeywordsHealth careBusinessGovernment (linguistics)PopulationPaymentRevenuePublic healthMedicineFamily medicinePublic administrationEconomic growthFinanceNursingPolitical scienceEnvironmental healthEconomics

Abstract

fetched live from OpenAlex

Canada is a federation of ten provinces and three territories, and health care is primarily a provincial responsibility. The provinces, therefore, have substantial autonomy in health care delivery but are required to follow the basic tenets of the 1967 Canada Health Act as a condition for receiving essential health care transfer payments from the federal government. These conditions include the key requirement that all essential medical services have a single public payer, and therefore, no private insurance systems are allowed to fund such services. Therefore, neither dialysis providers nor physicians can directly charge patients for dialysis care, and conversely, patients cannot pay extra to see a particular nephrologist or attend a particular dialysis unit. This is uniquely restrictive compared with other countries (1). Health care funds come from provincial tax revenues and from federal transfer payments. Exclusively public funding does not exclude private provision of health care, and indeed, most Canadian physicians are self-employed and reimbursed “fee for service” by provincial governments. Hospital care is delivered by “not for profit” hospitals that are nominally independent, but they are funded by the provincial ministries of health (1). The delivery of maintenance dialysis services described here will be primarily on the basis of the model used in Ontario, the most populous province with 40% of the entire population. Key points of difference from other provinces will be noted however. Maintenance dialysis is almost entirely provided by Renal Programs based in “not for profit” government-funded hospitals. These range from large academic centers associated with medical schools to modest-sized community hospitals. These Renal Programs typically provide in-center hemodialysis (HD), home peritoneal dialysis (PD), and often, home hemodialysis (HHD) as well as outpatient and inpatient nephrology. Most academic Renal Programs have an associated kidney transplant unit. Many of the Renal Programs operate in …

Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.

Full frame distilled prediction

Teacher imitation

Not calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.

metaresearch head score (Codex)0.000
metaresearch head score (Gemma)0.000
Version: codex-gemma-dda1882f352aValidation status: machine_predicted_unvalidated
Candidate categoriesnone
Consensus categoriesnone
DomainCandidate signal: none · Consensus signal: none
Study designCandidate signal: Not applicable · Consensus signal: Not applicable
GenreCandidate signal: Empirical · Consensus signal: none
Teacher disagreement score0.864
Threshold uncertainty score0.967

Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category

CategoryCodexGemma
Metaresearch0.0000.000
Meta-epidemiology (narrow)0.0000.000
Meta-epidemiology (broad)0.0000.000
Bibliometrics0.0000.000
Science and technology studies0.0000.000
Scholarly communication0.0000.000
Open science0.0000.000
Research integrity0.0000.000
Insufficient payload (model declined to judge)0.0010.000

Machine scores (provisional)

The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.

Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.

Opus teacher head0.010
GPT teacher head0.249
Teacher spread0.239 · how far apart the two teachers sit on this one work
Validation statusscore_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it