Behavior of Seismically Detailed Reinforced Concrete Block Shear Walls with Boundary Elements under Out-of-Plane Loading
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Although boundary elements have been known to enhance the in-plane performance of reinforced concrete block shear walls under seismic loading, research examining their influence on the walls’ out-of-plane performance (e.g., due to blast loading) is very scarce. Unlike conventional walls with rectangular cross sections, boundary elements allow the use of closed ties and multiple layers of vertical reinforcement, thus enhancing the wall’s overall out-of-plane resistance and stiffness. Nevertheless, the corresponding wall performance and damage sequence beyond peak resistance have been neither experimentally nor analytically quantified to date. Therefore, current blast standards do not assign unique design requirements or response limits for reinforced concrete block walls with boundary elements due to the limited number of relevant studies published when these standards were originally developed. To address this knowledge gap, an experimental program was initiated to investigate the out-of-plane performance of seven scaled seismically-detailed reinforced concrete block axially loaded walls with boundary elements under quasi-static displacement-controlled cyclic loading. Several design parameters were considered in the test matrix, which included the wall vertical reinforcement ratio and distribution, the boundary elements alignment relative to the wall web, the wall aspect ratio, and axial load level. The resistance function of the walls and the corresponding damage sequence, as well as the ductility capacity were also used to assess the walls’ out-of-plane performances. Finally, two experimentally validated models, based on plastic analysis, were developed to generate the resistance functions of all walls. The experimental and analytical results in the current study demonstrated the importance of considering the two-way bending mechanism associated with reinforced concrete block walls with boundary elements when their performance is evaluated under out-of-plane loading demands.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".