Time‐Dependent Hydraulic Fracture Initiation
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract Rocks are known to fail in a time‐dependent manner similar to many brittle and quasi‐brittle materials. However, observed time dependence of hydraulic fracture initiation has ubiquitously been attributed to fluid flow‐related mechanisms without consideration of the intrinsic time dependence of rock failure. Laboratory delayed hydraulic fracturing breakdown experiments on three rocks (granite, sandstone, and limestone) show sensitivity to rock properties associated with subcritical crack growth as well as fluid viscosity and ambient confining pressure applied to the specimens. A new hydraulic fracture initiation model accounting for subcritical crack growth and fluid flow in a poroelastic medium, as well as the additional energy dissipation required for fluid flow in the rough fracture tip, is then used to estimate the value of the subcritical index n based on characterization experiments. Given this characterization data, the model is shown to be capable of predicting time‐dependent hydraulic fracture initiation with variation of fluid viscosity and confining stress.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.002 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".