Wheel/Rail Adhesion State Identification of Heavy-Haul Locomotive Based on Particle Swarm Optimization and Kernel Extreme Learning Machine
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The traction performance of heavy-haul locomotive is subject to the wheel/rail adhesion states. However, it is difficult to obtain these states due to complex adhesion mechanism and changeable operation environment. According to the influence of wheel/rail adhesion utilization on locomotive control action, the wheel/rail adhesion states are divided into four types, namely normal adhesion, fault indication, minor fault, and serious fault in this work. A wheel/rail adhesion state identification method based on particle swarm optimization (PSO) and kernel extreme learning machine (KELM) is proposed. To this end, a wheel/rail state identification model is constructed using KELM, and then the regularization coefficient and kernel parameter of KELM are optimized by using PSO to improve its accuracy. Finally, based on the actual data, the proposed method is compared with PSO support vector machines (PSO-SVM) and basic KELM, respectively, and the results are given to verify the effectiveness and feasibility of the proposed method.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".