Evidence for temperature‐mediated regional increases in cerebral blood flow during exercise
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Key points Aerobic exercise elicits increases in cerebral blood flow (CBF), as well as core body temperature; however, the isolated influence of temperature on CBF regulation during exercise has not been investigated The present study assessed CBF regulation and neurovascular coupling during submaximal cycling exercise and temperature‐matched passive heat stress during isocapnia (i.e. end‐tidal was held constant) Submaximal cycling exercise and temperature‐matched passive heat stress provoked ∼16% increases in vertebral artery blood flow, independent of changes in end‐tidal and blood pressure External carotid artery blood flow increased by ∼43% during both exercise and passive heat stress, with no change in internal carotid artery blood flow Neurovascular coupling (i.e. the relationship between local increases in cerebral metabolism and appropriately matched increases in regional cerebral blood flow) is preserved during both exercise and temperature‐matched passive heat stress Abstract Acute moderate‐intensity exercise increases core temperature ( T c ; +0.7‐0.8°C); however, such exercise increases cerebral blood flow (CBF; +10‐20%) mediated via small elevations in arterial and metabolism. The present study aimed to isolate the role of T c from on CBF regulation during submaximal exercise. Healthy adults ( n = 11; 10 males/one female; 26 ± 4 years) participated in two interventions each separated by ≥48 h: (i) 60 min of semi‐recumbent cycling (EX; 50% workload max) and (ii) 75 min of passive heat stress (HS; 49°C water‐perfused suit) to match the exercise‐induced increases in T c (EX: Δ0.75 ± 0.33°C vs . HS: Δ0.77 ± 0.33°C, P = 0.855). Blood flow ( Q ) in the internal and external carotid arteries (ICA and ECA, respectively) and vertebral artery (VA) (Duplex ultrasound) was measured. End‐tidal and were effectively clamped to resting values within each condition. The Q ICA was unchanged with EX and HS interventions ( P = 0.665), consistent with the unchanged end‐tidal ( P = 0.327); whereas, Q VA was higher throughout both EX and HS (EX: Δ16 ± 21% vs . HS: Δ16 ± 23%, time effect: P = 0.006) with no between condition differences ( P = 0.785). These increases in Q VA contributed to higher global CBF throughout both EX and HS (EX: Δ12 ± 20% vs . HS: Δ14 ± 14%, time effect: P = 0.029; condition effect: P = 0.869). The Q ECA increased throughout both EX and HS (EX: Δ42 ± 58% vs . HS: Δ53 ± 28%, time effect: P < 0.001; condition effect: P = 0.628). Including blood pressure as a covariate did not alter these CBF findings (all P > 0.05). Overall, these data provide new evidence for temperature‐mediated elevations in posterior CBF during exercise that are independent of changes in and blood pressure.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".