Chitosan‐based agent use for hemostasis after cryptorchidectomy in a horse
Bibliographic record
Abstract
OBJECTIVE: To document marked hemorrhage as a complication of inguinal cryptorchidectomy and its successful treatment with a novel chitosan-based hemostatic agent. STUDY DESIGN: Case report. ANIMALS: One healthy 5-year old quarter horse cryptorchid. METHODS: The horse was presented for routine unilateral cryptorchidectomy after prior hemicastration. An inguinal approach was made to the abdomen, and the right external pudendal artery was lacerated at the level of the internal inguinal ring, requiring multiple anesthetic events over a 2-week period in attempts to control hemorrhage. A chitosan-based hemostatic agent was packed into the wound to gain control. RESULTS: Chitosan granules placed in the wound successfully controlled the hemorrhage, whereas the use of gauze packing alone failed. There were no immediate or long-term complications to the chitosan granules; the horse was doing well 18 months postoperatively, and the client was satisfied with the outcome. CONCLUSION: Major hemorrhage was demonstrated from the external pudendal artery and caused difficulties because it occurred deep within the inguinal canal during an inguinal cryptorchidectomy. A chitosan-based hemostatic agent was successfully used to achieve hemostasis. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE: The external pudendal artery should be avoided in the medial commissure of the inguinal canal. The use of chitosan-based hemostatic agents warrants further investigation in horses because these products may be useful for controlling major hemorrhage from various causes in equine practice.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".