Bibliographic record
Abstract
The research presented in this article examines the effects of protectionist measures on the perceptions that consumers of a targeted country form of the country having adopted these measures as well of other countries not directly involved in the conflict. An experiment was conducted in which 148 Canadian adult consumers were informed that Germany had announced its decision to impose import tariffs on Canadian products. Two types of protectionist measures were considered, either initiated by Germany (i.e., proactive context) or as a response to similar measures adopted by Canada (i.e., reactive context). Consumers’ perceptions concerned the quality of products made in Germany, its image as a travel destination, and as a place to live. These perceptions were also obtained for three European countries differing with respect to their psychic distance with Germany; Austria (shortest distance), France (medium distance), and Spain (greatest distance). The results show that consumers’ perceptions depend on the type of protectionist measures adopted (proactive versus reactive), primarily among consumers interested in international economic news. Reactive protectionist measures were perceived as more legitimate than proactive measures and, in turn, legitimacy had a negative effect on the degree to which consumers developed situational political animosity toward Germany and, consequently, more negative country perceptions. These results were shown to spill over other countries as a function of their psychic distance with Germany. Implications for firms involved in global trading and for governments are derived from these results.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".