Tanggungjawab Operator Pesawat Udara Terhadap Kerugian yang Diderita oleh Pihak Ketiga Dipermukaan Bumi Menurut Konvensi Montreal 2009 dan Undang Undang Nomor 1 Tahun 2009 Jo. Peraturan Menteri Perhubungan Nomor 77 Tahun 2011
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract. Aviation as an air transportation service which in its activities can cause accidents that cause harm to users and third parties on the surface of the earth. The problem of this research is how the aircraft operator responsibility regulations to third parties on the surface of the earth according to the Montreal Convention 2009. And also how the implementation of the responsibility of transporting aircraft to third parties on the surface of the earth according to Law No. 1 of 2009 jo. PERMENHUB 77/2011. This research method uses normative juridical research with a comparative approach, which is an approach by comparing two or legal rules. The research specification uses descriptive analysis. As well as data collection techniques for library studies by collecting secondary data. The results of this study are because the Montreal Convention 2009 has not yet been applied, the responsibility of operators towards third parties is governed by the national laws of each country. In Indonesian regulations regarding liability for losses suffered by third parties is considered unfair because the amount of compensation is determined by the seating capacity of the aircraft. Keywords: Responsibility, Air Law, Aircraft, Losses, Third Party Abstrak. Penerbangan sebagai Jasa transportasi udara yang dalam kegiatannya dapat menimbulkan kecelakan yang menyebabkan kerugian kepada pengguna dan pihak ketiga di permukaan bumi. Permasalahan dari penelitian ini adalah bagaimana peraturan tanggungjawab operator pesawat udara kepada pihak ketiga dipermukaan bumi menurut Konvensi Montreal 2009. Dan juga bagaimana implementasi tanggungjawab pengangkut pesawat udara kepada pihak ketiga dipermukaan bumi menurut UU No 1 Tahun 2009 jo. PERMENHUB 77/2011. Metode Penelitian ini menggunakan penelitian yuridis normatif dengan pendekatan komparatif, yaitu pendekatan dengan memperbandingkan dua atau aturan hukum. Spesifikasi penelitian menggunakan deskriptif analisis. Serta teknik pengumpulan data studi kepustakaan dengan cara mengumpulkan data sekunder. Hasil penelitian ini ialah karena Konvensi Montreal 2009 belum berlaku maka tanggungjawab operator terhadap pihak ketiga diatur oleh hukum nasional masing-masing negara. Dalam peraturan Indonesia mengenai tanggungjawab terhadap kerugian yang diderita pihak ketiga dirasa tidak adil karena besaran kompensasi ditentukan oleh kapasitas tempat duduk pesawat. Kata Kunci : Tanggungjawab, Hukum Udara, Pesawat, Kerugian, Pihak Ketiga
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.023 | 0.003 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".