Bioaccumulation of Persistent Environmental Pollutants (PEPs) in the Mud Catfishes (<i>Clarias gariepinus</i> and <i>Heterobranchus longifilis</i>) from the Ogu Creek, Rivers State, Nigeria
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The long-term discharge of poorly treated petroleum refinery effluent into the Ekerekana Creek, proximal to the Ogu Creek in Ogu, Rivers State, Nigeria, as well as contributions from artisanal refining have created worries about safety to health of consumers of the catfish delicacies, Clarias gariepinus and Heterobranchus longifilis from this coastal water. This research investigated the presence and levels of trace elements (Zn, Cr, Cd, Pb, Mg, Ca, K, Na, Fe and Mn) and hydrocarbons (Total Petroleum Hydrocarbon-TPHs, Benzene, Toluene, Ethylbenzene and Xylenes-BTEX, and Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons-PAHs) and Phenol in tissues of the fishes. In C. gariepinus , mean maximum accumulations in mg/kg were as follows: Mg 15.01±2.38 (muscle), Zn 10.25±2.62 (muscle), Fe 9.51±0.53 (gills), K 7.01±0.88 (muscle), Ca 0.42±0.05 (muscle), Pb 0.06±0.01 (muscle), Mn 1.58±0.45 (liver), TPH 6.65±0.42 (muscle), PAHs 0.24±0.05 (muscle), BTEX 0.07±0.01 (muscle) and Phenol 0.007±0.001 (muscle). In H. longifilis , accumulations in mg/kg were as follows: Mg 17.21±1.84 (muscle), Zn 11.27±2.49 (muscle), Fe 11.39±1.64 (gills), K 7.66±1.24 mg/g (muscle), Cd 0.47±0.043 mg/g (muscle), Pb 0.056±0.006 mg/g (muscle) and Mn 1.16±0.268 (liver), TPH 8.69±0.60 (muscle), PAHs 0.49±0.085 (muscle), BTEX 0.09±0.005 (muscle) and Phenol 0.0016±0.0003 (muscle). The accumulations of Cd, Pb, Mg, Ca, K, Na, Fe and Mn in C. gariepinus (Sig. values=0.001, 0.002, 0.011, 0.003, 0.004, 0.008, 0.000, 0.025 respectively) and those of Zn, Cd, Pb, Mg, Ca, K, Na, Fe and Mn (Sig. values=0.024, 0.000, 0.002, 0.002, 0.002, 0.008, 0.024, 0.005, 0.012 respectively) in H. longifilis differed significantly between tissues from impacted and reference locations at p<0.05. TQ/HQ values of, especially Cd and Zn were high (6.80-11.00 and 1.38-3.24 respectively) and exceeded regulatory limits in both fish species.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.002 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".