The relationship between theory of mind and cognition in Alzheimer’s disease: A systematic review
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Introduction: Theory of Mind (ToM) refers to an individual’s ability to attribute mental states to others. It is well established that the behavioral variant of frontotemporal dementia can undermine ToM. However, there is no consensus on how Alzheimer’s disease affects ToM. The following report represents a systematic literature review of ToM in Alzheimer’s disease over the past ten years.Method: We performed a survey using the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyzes (PRISMA) criteria. The literature search was performed using the electronic databases MEDLINE (Pubmed) and Science Citation Index (ISI). The following descriptors were used in the review process: theory of mind or mentalizing and Alzheimer disease or Alzheimer’s disease or Alzheimer type dementia. This systematic review was recorded in the International Prospective Register of Systematic Reviews (PROSPERO) under the number CDR42018115152.Results: We identified 117 articles, 24 of which met our criteria. The most common assessment measure used in the evaluation of the ToM was the first and second order false belief task. Many studies reported that individuals with Alzheimer’s disease were impaired on more complex tasks, such as second-order false belief tasks, but had intact performance on simpler tasks, such as first order false beliefs and affective ToM. In contrast, some studies reported that ToM deficits may also appears in simpler and affective tasks.Conclusions: The variability in methodologies, the design and complexity of the tasks applied, the heterogeneity in terms of dementia stage/severity, and the level of cognitive impairment contribute to the variability and inconsistency of the results. Future research should investigate the ToM using more ecological and standardized methods.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.002 | 0.003 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.003 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".