Physical Characterization of Frozen Aqueous Solutions Containing Sodium Chloride and Humic Acid at Environmentally Relevant Temperatures
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Sea ice presents a complex reaction medium containing poorly understood distributions of solutes, ice, and sometimes liquid brine. We studied the three-dimensional distribution of liquid brine and dissolved organic matter using confocal Raman microscopy at environmentally relevant sodium chloride (NaCl) and dissolved carbon concentrations in frozen ternary solutions containing NaCl and humic acid (HA). While HA is predominantly excluded to the ice surface in the absence of salt, it coexists with liquid brine in the micrometer scale channels throughout the entire ice sample when salt is present. HA increased the extent of liquid coverage of the ice surface at each temperature studied, but the total amount of liquid water at the surface did not increase. This suggests that HA promotes spreading of liquid water at the surface of frozen salt solutions, but does not increase the extent of surface melting. HA suppressed the phase transition from solid ice + liquid brine to solid ice + solid hydrohalite (NaCl·2H2O) when samples were cooled. Phase-transition temperatures ranged from (−26.4 ± 0.6) °C (with 0.003 mg/L HA) to (−33.7 ± 0.5) °C (with 30 mg/L HA), compared to (−22.3 ± 0.5) °C in the absence of HA. The phase transition in the reverse direction (as the samples were warmed) occurred at (−21.8 ± 0.5) °C, very close to the Eutectic temperature (−21.1 °C) at all HA concentrations and in the absence of HA.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".