Calcium Bismuthate (CaBiO<sub>3</sub>): A Potential Sunlight‐Driven Perovskite Photocatalyst for the Degradation of Emerging Pharmaceutical Contaminants
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract This study reports the photocatalytic efficiencies of CaBiO 3 (CBO) towards the degradation of contaminants of emerging concern (CEC), such as ciprofloxacin and tetracycline, under solar light irradiation. CaBiO 3 was synthesized using glycine‐complexation (GC) and ion‐exchange (IE) methods. The structural difference of materials obtained by these different methods was evidenced from XRD and XPS results, and were due to the induced dual oxidation state of Bi (Bi 3+/5+ ) in CaBiO 3 . The CBO synthesized by the GC method (CBO‐GC) showed a broad UV/Vis absorption range from 200 to 550 nm and a band gap energy of 2.30 eV, while it was found to be 200 to 450 nm and 2.65 eV for the CBO synthesized by the IE method (CBO‐IE). The VB potential of CBO‐IE is shifted towards more positive potentials (+2.45 eV) as compared to the CBO‐GC (+1.90 eV), and thereby the calculated CB potential of CBO‐GC and CBO‐IE was found to be −0.40 and −0.20 eV, respectively. Such positioning of the VB and CB favored the generation of highly reactive radicals towards the effective degradation of pollutants. These relative alignments of the bands could be mediated by the oxygen vacancy defects in the systems owing to the dual oxidation state of Bi. The photocurrent and impedance measurements demonstrated excellent charge separation and lower resistivity in CBO‐GC as compared to the CBO‐IE. Accordingly, the CBO‐GC showed enhanced photocatalytic degradation efficiency, improved photostability and reusability as compared to that of the CBO‐IE.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".