Sitting Balance Exercise Performed Using Virtual Reality Training on a Stroke Rehabilitation Inpatient Service: A Randomized Controlled Study
Bibliographic record
Abstract
BACKGROUND: Virtual reality training (VRT) is engaging and may enhance rehabilitation intensity. Only one previous study has looked at its use to improve sitting balance after stroke. OBJECTIVE: To determine if supplemental sitting balance exercises, administered via VRT, improve control of sitting balance and upper extremity function in stroke rehabilitation inpatients. DESIGN: Assessor-blinded, placebo-controlled randomized controlled trial. SETTING: Stroke inpatient rehabilitation unit. PARTICIPANTS: Seventy-six participants (out of 130 approached) with subacute stroke who could not stand independently were randomized to experimental and control groups. Sixty-nine completed the study. INTERVENTIONS: The experimental group did VRT that required leaning and reaching, whereas the control group had their trunk restrained and performed VRT that involved only small upper extremity movements to minimize trunk movement. Both groups performed 10-12 sessions of 30-45 minutes. Participants were assessed pre, post, and 1 month after the sessions by a blinded examiner. OUTCOME MEASURES: Function in Sitting Test (FIST, primary outcome measure); Ottawa Sitting Scale; Reaching Performance Scale; Wolf Motor Function Test (WMFT). RESULTS: Thirty-three participants completed the experimental intervention and 36 the control. Pre/post differences for FIST were 3.4 (confidence interval [CI] 0.5;6.3) for the experimental group and 5.3 (2.9;7.7) for the control group. There was a significant improvement over time (adjusted for multiple comparisons, P < .006) on most outcome measures except the WMFT Performance Time Scale (control group; P = .007) and grip strength (P = .008); there were no differences between groups (P > .006). CONCLUSIONS: Siting balance outcomes were similar for both groups; therefore, this study does not support the use of sitting balance exercises provided via VRT for the rehabilitation of sitting balance after stroke. However, because it is only the second study to investigate VRT for sitting balance and upper extremity function, more research, using more challenging exercises and a greater treatment intensity, is required before definitive conclusions are made.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.002 | 0.006 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".