Adolescent internalizing symptoms: The importance of multi-informant assessments in childhood
Bibliographic record
Abstract
• Childhood internalizing symptoms can be associated with adolescent anxiety and depression. • Mothers and teachers have low to moderate levels of agreement on rating childhood internalizing symptoms. • Multi-informant assessment in childhood improves adolescent symptoms prediction. • Assessors’ agreement is required to predict boys’ social-phobic and girls’ depression symptoms in adolescence. • Prediction of generalized anxiety symptoms in girls required at least a moderate level of childhood symptoms according to both informants. Childhood internalizing symptoms can be associated with adolescent internalizing symptoms, but only a small proportion of symptomatic children are at long-term risk. Our objectives were to (1) distinguish between typical and atypical levels of internalizing symptoms using mother- and teacher-assessments and (2) test the association between childhood internalizing symptoms and adolescent generalized anxiety, depression, and social phobia symptoms in boys and girls. Multi-trajectory models were used to estimate the evolution of mother- and teacher-reported internalizing symptoms across childhood (1.5 to 12 years) in a large population-based cohort ( n = 1431). Multiple linear regression models were implemented to estimate the association between childhood group membership of internalizing symptoms and self-reported specific internalizing symptoms at 15 years by sex. Five groups of childhood internalizing symptoms were identified: Mother & teacher low (22.6% ), Mother moderate/teacher low (37.9% ), Mother moderate/teacher high (18.3% ), Mother high/teacher low (11.8% ) and Mother & teacher high (9.5% ) . Multiple linear regression models showed that compared to the low group, (1) boys in the high group reported higher social phobia symptoms ( p = 0.04), (2) girls in the high group reported higher depression ( p = 0.01) and generalized anxiety ( p < 0.01) symptoms, and (3) girls in the moderate/high group reported higher generalized anxiety symptoms ( p = 0.02) in adolescence. The main limitation is that mothers’ and teachers’ assessments mostly covered different developmental periods. A multi-informant assessment of childhood internalizing symptoms improves adolescent specific internalizing symptoms identification in a general population sample over reliance on a single informant.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.007 | 0.017 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".