Short and Linear Intermolecular Tetrel Bonds to Tin. Cocrystal Engineering with Triphenyltin Chloride
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Bibliographic record
Abstract
Group 14 (tetrel) elements potentially provide a region of low electronic density (σ-hole) and elevated electrostatic potential, which acts as an electrophilic site to form attractive interactions with electron-rich moieties. Tetrel bonds are the result of net attractive interaction between an electrophilic region associated with a tetrel atom in a molecular entity and a nucleophilic region in another, or the same, molecular entity. Here, we describe a systematic study of the potential utility of tetrel bonds to tin for engineering novel cocrystalline architectures. We report the preparation of 10 new tetrel-bonded cocrystals of triphenyltin chloride with various Lewis bases featuring oxygen and nitrogen electron donor atoms. Single-crystal X-ray diffraction studies reveal that the formation of short and directional Sn···O and Sn···N tetrel bonds along the extension of the Cl–Sn covalent bond is chiefly responsible for the self-assembly of the two complementary components. Normalized contact parameters of approximately 0.6, tetrel bond angles of approximately 170–180°, and lengthening of the covalent Sn–Cl bond by 6–9% upon cocrystallization are all characteristic of the observed tetrel bonds to tin. Substantial changes in the isotropic 119Sn chemical shifts suggest the persistence of the tin tetrel bond in solution.
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Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it