Bibliographic record
Abstract
Introduction 1992 marked the quincentenary of the violent clash between Spanish Europeans and Indigenous and originary peoples of what we know today as the Americas.In 2015 the Indian Residential Schools Truth and Reconciliation Commission (TRC) published the report of the long-standing history of human rights abuses in the Canadian residential school system.The Canadian report is the most recent documented record of the long history of violations of human rights in the Americas following a long list of reports from similar commissions in Latin America including Argentina (1983), Bolivia (1982), Chile (1990), El Salvador (1992), Guatemala (1994), Honduras (2009), Panama (2000), and Uruguay ( 1985, 2003).In highlighting and documenting human rights abuses, each of these national commissions outlines how life itself lost its value.The moral imperative of the sacredness of life and the notion of inalienable human rights had no meaning, particularly when it came to the protection of life and the preservation of cultures among Indigenous peoples, African descendants, and el campesinado in the Americas.In this paper, I have taken the time to explore how the Doctrine of Discovery and the understanding of terra nullius have developed over time because I believe they continue to shape and inform international and geopolitical affairs as well as internal-domestic sociopolitical dynamics.These two ideas influence notions of national borders and sovereignty and the understanding of human rights, ethnoracial and intercultural relations, and the participation of 1
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.003 | 0.004 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.003 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.006 | 0.038 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.008 | 0.004 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.003 |
| Research integrity | 0.004 | 0.006 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.008 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".