A Wideband Frequency Divider With Programmable Odd/Even Division Factors and Quadrature/Symmetrical Outputs
Bibliographic record
Abstract
An injection-locked frequency divider (ILFD) with odd/even division factor and wide locking range over process and temperature variations is presented. To enhance the locking range of the frequency divider and generate accurate quadrature with 50% duty cycle outputs, a comprehensive analysis of the frequency divider to find the optimal phase sequence for two, three and five division ratios is provided. Generating quadrature and symmetrical outputs with simultaneous realization of even and odd division ratios at low power is the main challenge that is addressed in this paper as the power consumption of existing quadrature circuits is an order of magnitude higher than that of the proposed ILFD. The ILFD is designed and simulated in a 65 nm CMOS technology and the analytical results verified by the circuit simulation results. Post layout simulation results show that the locking range of the divider without any tuning is from 5.4 GHz to 8.5 GHz, 1.1 GHz to 6.1 GHz and 0.1 GHz to 5.3 GHz in divide-by-five, three and two mode for 0 dBm injection signal level, respectively. The phase deviation of the quadrature outputs for dividers is less than 1.8° and the deviation of duty cycle from 50%, is less than 0.4%.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".