Risk factors associated with failed transfer of passive immunity in male and female dairy calves: A 2008 retrospective cross-sectional study
Bibliographic record
Abstract
This retrospective cross-sectional study was designed to identify risk factors associated with failed transfer of passive immunity (FTPI) and to determine differences in colostrum management between male and female dairy calves. Research technicians visited a total of 16 commercial dairy farms weekly. For each calf born on these farms, the farm personnel completed a birth record to document the colostrum management practices provided, level of calving assistance, calf sex, and time of birth. On the weekly visits to the farms, the technicians collected blood from calves that were 1 to 7 d of age. Serum was separated via centrifugation and the concentration of serum total protein (STP) was determined using a digital refractometer. Failed transfer of passive immunity was defined as calves having an STP of <5.2 g/dL. Data were available for 1,778 calves aged 1 to 7 d. Several differences were observed with respect to how male and female calves were managed. Male calves were more likely to receive a lower volume of colostrum, have colostrum delivered using a nipple bottle followed by an esophageal tube feeder, be fed pooled colostrum, and receive fresh colostrum rather than frozen colostrum relative to female calves. Serum total protein (STP) ranged from 3.6 to 9.7 g/dL with a mean of 5.7 g/dL (standard deviation, 0.7 g/dL) and 21.1% of the calves had FTPI. Using a mixed linear regression model, we identified that a calf being male (-0.14 g/dL), being delivered by a hard pull (-0.23 g/dL), and receiving the first feeding colostrum from a combination of a nipple bottle followed by an esophageal tube feeder (-0.12 g/dL) were associated with a lower concentration of STP. Feeding 6 L or more of colostrum in the first 24 h of life was associated with a 0.14 g/dL higher concentration of STP compared with feeding <3.9 L of colostrum. For FTPI, being delivered by a hard pull [odds ratio (OR) 2.21] and receiving the first feeding colostrum from a nipple bottle followed by an esophageal tube feeder (OR 1.83) were associated with higher odds of FTPI. Feeding >6 L of colostrum in the first 24 h of life was associated with a reduced odds (OR 0.65) of FTPI compared with feeding <3.9 L of colostrum. This study highlights the importance of certain management practices in reducing FTPI incidence and identifies discrepancies in colostrum management between male and female dairy calves.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".