Application of seismic curvature attributes in the delineation of coal texture and deformation in Zhengzhuang field, southern Qinshui Basin
Bibliographic record
Abstract
ABSTRACT Coal texture refers to the in situ particle size, morphological characteristics, and structural components of coal beds, and it determines the permeability and producibility of a coalbed methane (CBM) reservoir. Coal texture is commonly classified into undeformed coal (with primary coal texture) and deformed coal (with increasing degree of deformation, including cataclastic coal, granulated coal, and mylonitized coal). Geophysical logging has recently been proven effective for detecting coal texture in boreholes, but it is inefficient for establishing a regional distribution where there have been only limited amounts of drilling. In contrast, seismic attributes have high lateral extent and an advantage in terms of characterizing fine structures (even minor faults with throws of 2–3 m) and other strata deformations. By comparing seismic curvature data to the results of 221 core samples from the Zhengzhuang field in the southern Qinshui Basin, we provide a seismic curvature attribute-based coal texture evaluation method. Evaluation of the results shows that the coal texture types of the no. 3 coal seam include undeformed coal, cataclastic coal, and some granulated coal. The undeformed coal is mainly located in the western and northwestern parts of the study area. The cataclastic and granulated coals are mainly distributed in the southern and eastern parts of the study areas. The permeability of no. 3 coal seam is weakly correlated with undeformed coal, and it has a high negative correlation with deformed coal. Permeability has a strong negative correlation with the maximum curvature attribute of the no. 3 coal seam. It is suggested that the in situ stress distribution combined with the curvature controlled the local development of the coal texture types and thus resulted in regional differences in permeability. Finally, the distribution characteristics of coal textures of no. 3 coal seam in the study area are divided into four types, in which the undeformed-cataclastic coal-dominated area (located in the midwestern part of the study area) is the most favorable area for CBM production.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.004 | 0.002 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".