Effects of Transcranial Stimulation With Direct and Alternating Current on Resting-State Functional Connectivity: An Exploratory Study Simultaneously Combining Stimulation and Multiband Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Background: Transcranial stimulation with direct (tDCS) and alternating current (tACS) has increasingly gained interest in various fields, from cognitive neuroscience to clinical investigations. Transcranial current stimulation used alone may modulate brain activity that consequently influences behaviours, but without providing information on potentially induced brain activity changes. Combination of transcranial current stimulation and fMRI may help to address this. This exploratory study investigated instantaneous and subsequent effects of tDCS and tACS on resting state functional connectivity in healthy adults. Methods: We conducted a randomized crossover study with fifteen healthy subjects receiving three stimulation conditions (tDCS, tACS, sham) on separate days. Stimulation was applied over the left and right dorsolateral prefrontal cortex for 30 min (1 mA). Resting-state functional connectivity of the targeted prefrontal areas were assessed before, during and after stimulation using multiband fMRI and using left and right dorsolateral prefrontal cortex as seeds. Results: Both tDCS and tACS increased resting state functional connectivity during and after the stimulation period, as compared to sham. tDCS-induced changes were observed between the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex and bilateral parietal regions at the junction of the superior parietal and the inferior parietal lobules. tACS-induced changes were observed between the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex and the right inferior parietal lobule. Conclusion: Overall, these results suggest that a single session with a low dose, 1mA, of tDCS or tACS can cause changes in fronto-parietal connectivity that occur rapidly, that is, within the first 15 minutes. Although exploratory, this work contributes to the discussion of the potential of transcranial current stimulation to modulate resting state networks and the interest of combining transcranial current stimulation with neuroimaging to identify these changes.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".