Positional and Orientational Accuracy of 3-D Ultrasound Navigation System on Vertebral Phantom Study
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Adolescent idiopathic scoliosis (AIS) is a 3-D spinal deformity that affects 1%-3% of youth. Severe cases require surgical intervention involving the insertion of pedicle screws near the spinal cord, making accurate placement imperative. Currently, surgeons use either CT-navigation methods to guide the placement of screws or free-hand methods. The free-hand method has higher breach rates; however, CT-navigation exposes children to sensitive ionizing radiation. A novel custom 3-D ultrasound (3DUS) system has been developed to provide accuracy benefits similar to traditional CT-navigation systems without exposing patients to ionizing radiation. This study evaluates the accuracy of the custom 3DUS guidance system for localizing 3-D reconstructions of vertebral phantoms and tracking handheld surgical tools in the surgical space. Tool tracking was evaluated with commercial motion tracking cameras using a 3-D-printed pointer device and a high-precision probe device. Experiments were performed on 3-D-printed vertebral phantoms to investigate the positional and orientational accuracy using a high precision reference grid. The 3-D-printed pointer device was shown to be inferior to the high-precision probe, finding positional accuracy of 1.1 ± 1.1 mm versus 0.7 ± 0.4 mm. The rotational accuracy was 0.0° ± 1.7°, which met the surgical objective. The 3DUS localization, which was also evaluated using the vertebral phantoms and reference grid, showed positional accuracy of 0.8 ± 0.6 mm, making it a promising image-guidance tool for scoliosis surgery.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".