Positional and Orientational Accuracy of 3-D Ultrasound Navigation System on Vertebral Phantom Study
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Adolescent idiopathic scoliosis (AIS) is a 3-D spinal deformity that affects 1%-3% of youth. Severe cases require surgical intervention involving the insertion of pedicle screws near the spinal cord, making accurate placement imperative. Currently, surgeons use either CT-navigation methods to guide the placement of screws or free-hand methods. The free-hand method has higher breach rates; however, CT-navigation exposes children to sensitive ionizing radiation. A novel custom 3-D ultrasound (3DUS) system has been developed to provide accuracy benefits similar to traditional CT-navigation systems without exposing patients to ionizing radiation. This study evaluates the accuracy of the custom 3DUS guidance system for localizing 3-D reconstructions of vertebral phantoms and tracking handheld surgical tools in the surgical space. Tool tracking was evaluated with commercial motion tracking cameras using a 3-D-printed pointer device and a high-precision probe device. Experiments were performed on 3-D-printed vertebral phantoms to investigate the positional and orientational accuracy using a high precision reference grid. The 3-D-printed pointer device was shown to be inferior to the high-precision probe, finding positional accuracy of 1.1 ± 1.1 mm versus 0.7 ± 0.4 mm. The rotational accuracy was 0.0° ± 1.7°, which met the surgical objective. The 3DUS localization, which was also evaluated using the vertebral phantoms and reference grid, showed positional accuracy of 0.8 ± 0.6 mm, making it a promising image-guidance tool for scoliosis surgery.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.005 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".