Production of biodiesel from waste cooking oil using heterogeneous catalysts KI/γ-Al<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Biodiesel is a promising alternative fuel that can be produced from vegetable oil through the esterification process. Conventional homogeneous acid or base catalysts result in a lower biodiesel yield and a longer reaction time and require separation from the product, which lead to inefficient production. This research was aimed at utilising the heterogeneous catalyst potassium iodide (KI)/γ-aluminium oxide (γ-Al 2 O 3 ) for esterification of waste cooking oil into biodiesel. The catalyst was prepared using the impregnation method in which calcination was conducted at 500°C for 3 h. The esterification operation condition was set to a temperature of 65°C for 3 h and a molar ratio of oil to methanol of 1:14. Moreover, the heterogeneous catalyst was compared with a homogeneous catalyst with respect to the yield of biodiesel. The results showed that at a 2% (g catalyst/g oil) catalyst concentration, the esterification using the catalyst KI/γ-Al 2 O 3 produced a higher yield of biodiesel (88·03%) compared with using γ-aluminium oxide (58·86%) and a conventional catalyst (82·23%). The reusability study of the catalyst KI/γ-Al 2 O 3 showed that after the first reuse, the catalyst could still produce biodiesel with a yield of 61·30%. After the second reuse, the yield of biodiesel was 52·61%, and the third reuse produced a yield of 21·50%.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".