Development and growth of basement-involved structural wedges in the northwestern Qaidam Basin, China
Bibliographic record
Abstract
ABSTRACT Structural wedges contain two connected fault segments, a fore thrust and back thrust, that bound a triangular- or wedge-shaped fault block. Coeval displacements on both faults drive the wedge into surrounding rock, causing distinctive patterns of uplift and folding. We identified a series of thick-skinned structural wedges in northwestern Qaidam Basin, China, where syntectonic strata record deformation timing and kinematics. The Qaidam Basin is located at the northern margin of the Tibetan Plateau and contains more than 100 large anticlinal structures, many of which exhibit characteristics of structural wedges. We interpreted and modeled these structures using seismic reflection data, well logs, surface geological exposures, remote sensing images, and digital elevation data. These wedge structures are distinguished by having elevated and deformed strata in the footwalls of the back thrusts and synclinal folds that extend upward from the wedge tips. With the constraints of fold shape, growth strata, structural relief, and shallow fault geometry, we developed a series of forward models that describe the geometry and kinematic evolution of these wedge structures. The analysis suggests that some of the wedge structures reactivate preexisting normal faults. Our results provide a better understanding of how to identify thick-skinned wedge systems and model their geometry and kinematic evolution, which has implications for studying the tectonic history of the basin. Understanding the geometry and kinematics of the wedge structures is also crucial for petroleum exploration because both hanging-wall and footwall traps constitute an important component of current exploration targets.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".