Novel Electric Bus Energy Consumption Model Based on Probabilistic Synthetic Speed Profile Integrated With HVAC
Bibliographic record
Abstract
This paper proposes a novel and generic model to calculate the Electric Bus Energy Consumption (EBEC) without the need for a high-resolution speed profile data. The proposed model generates a set of speed profiles using the basic information of the bus trip: trip time, trip length, and distances between successive bus stops. The generated speed profiles could accurately reflect the various traffic conditions and speed behaviors of real-world situations. Roadway Level of Service (LoS) is incorporated in the proposed model to simulate different traffic conditions. Further, a stochastic model for the bus speed profile is adopted to simulate the probability of the bus to stop at each on-route designated stop. The generated speed profiles are then inputted to an accurate EBEC model that considers the route topography, auxiliary loads (lighting, sound, and radio systems) and the impact of the weather conditions. The operation of the heat, ventilation and air conditioning system (HVAC) is also incorporated in the model using the thermal mass balance principle. Using the proposed model, the characteristics of EBEC on a given route can be evaluated through generating a set of speed profiles for the studied route. The proposed model provides transit network planners with a useful tool to appropriately design electric-based transit networks when there is a lack or unavailability of real-time and high resolution data.
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.002 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.003 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".