Damage to the primary root in response to cattle slurry placed near seed may compromise early growth of corn
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract Placement of cattle slurry below the row could potentially replace mineral phosphorus (P) starter fertilizer in corn (Zea mays) production, but a concentrated slurry layer near the seed may also restrict root growth. This study was designed to assess how the distance between seed and layer‐banded slurry affected initial growth of corn. In a pot experiment with corn on a coarse sandy soil, nitrogen‐labeled (15N) cattle slurry was placed 1.5, 5, 8.5, or 12 cm below the seed, and responses on early root growth, shoot biomass, and nutrient uptake were studied. Soil chemical properties near the slurry band were determined in unplanted soil. Placement of slurry 1.5 cm below the seed damaged the primary root, which subsequently reduced shoot biomass and N uptake. Shoot P uptake remained unaffected by slurry placement depth. The 15N assay revealed that plants were able to take up N from the slurry band despite damage to the primary root. The shoot biomass was higher in the inorganic N and P treatment than in the slurry treatments. Within a few centimeters above the slurry band, the soil was characterized by high moisture and high concentrations of ammonium and nitrite 21 and 35 d after slurry application, which may have caused the damages of the primary root. We conclude that placement of slurry near the seed can damage the primary root of corn. To prevent root injuries, banded slurry should be placed at least 5 cm below the seed.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".