Spectroscopic markers of neurodegeneration in the mesial prefrontal cortex predict survival in ALS
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Background and objective: N-acetylaspartate (NAA) and myo-inositol (mIns) are spectroscopic markers of neuronal integrity and astrogliosis, respectively. We performed a survival analysis to determine the prognostic value of the NAA/mIns metabolite ratio in ALS after a period of two and five years. Methods: Twenty-four patients with ALS (two with ALS-FTD) were recruited to participate in a high-field MR spectroscopy study of the mesial prefrontal cortex. Univariate and multivariate Cox proportional hazards analyses were used to assess NAA/mIns as a predictor of survival alongside other demographic and clinical measures. Census dates were set at two and five years after the time of MR scan for each patient. Survival curves were calculated using the Kaplan–Meier method. Results: After a five-year observation period, 19 patients had died and five were still alive. Median survival time from date of scan was 1.95 years. Univariate and multivariate Cox analysis showed NAA/mIns to be a significant independent predictor of survival at two years after scanning, but not at five years. Conclusion: Cerebral degeneration in the mesial prefrontal cortex as detected by the NAA/mIns metabolite ratio is predictive of survival in ALS in a time-dependent manner.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".