Ammonia emission from manures treated with different rates of urease and nitrification inhibitors
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Urease inhibitors have been successfully used to reduce ammonia (NH3) emission from urea-based fertilizers. However, studies on its effectiveness with manures have produced inconclusive results. Field and greenhouse studies were conducted to investigate the effectiveness of different rates of urease [N-(n-butyl) thiophosphoric triamide; NBPT] with and without nitrification inhibitor (NI) in reducing NH3 emission from surface-applied liquid pig manure (LPM) and solid beef manure (SBM). Ammonia emission was measured with acid-charged discs at seven dates for 28 d. Total NH3 emission (% of applied N) ranged from 4.3% to 8.2% in untreated LPM and 8.2% in untreated SBM. The corresponding NH3 emission was 6.8%–7.4% in LPM treated with NBPT, 5.0%–12.3% in LPM treated with NBPT + NI (double inhibitor; DI), and 6.0%–10.8% in SBM treated with DI. In the field study, NH3 emission was not significantly different between either LPM or SBM treated with and without DI. In the greenhouse, NBPT did not significantly reduce NH3 emission from LPM, whereas DI applied at a lower rate significantly increased NH3 emission from LPM. In conclusion, addition of NBPT to manure did not have any significant environmental benefit, whereas a combination of NBPT and NI increased NH3 emission from manure.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".