Swarm Survey of Alfvénic Fluctuations and Their Relation to Nightside Field‐Aligned Current and Auroral Arc Systems
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract By comparing data from 530 nightside auroral zone crossings of the three Swarm satellites with images from THEMIS ground‐based all‐sky imagers (ASIs), we find that 154 arc systems, containing two or more arcs, host regions of fluctuating magnetic and electric fields (Alfvén waves) up to 8 Hz. Many cases exhibit a standing wave pattern as seen by comparing the amplitude ratio and phase difference of electric and magnetic field Fourier components. The largest peak of Alfvénic cross‐power spectral density (CPSD, which is similar to Poynting flux) within a large‐scale current system tends to be narrow in latitude (about 50–100 km) and its magnitude increases with an increasing number of current sheets in the field‐aligned current (FAC) system. The peak of CPSD tends to be located on the poleward side of the current system but can extend as equatorward as the boundary between the Region 1 and Region 2 FACs. CPSD tends to peak either within downward current sheets ( of cases) or on the boundary between downward and upward FACs ( ). Only of peaks occur within upward current sheets, indicating that there is only a weak association with discrete auroral arcs, a finding which is confirmed by comparison with ASI images. These findings demonstrate that Alfvénic fluctuations occur over a much wider range of locations and conditions than previously reported.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".