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Record W3008966457 · doi:10.2118/0320-0024-jpt

Innovators Seek To Transform Flaring Into Money and Power

2020· article· en· W3008966457 on OpenAlex

Why this work is in the frame

A frame that forgets how it found something cannot be audited. These are the routes that admitted this work.

aboutThe title or abstract carries a Canadian signal from the geographic lexicon.
no affNo Canadian affiliation: this work is invisible to an affiliation-only frame.
No Canadian affiliation. An affiliation-only frame, the usual design, would never have seen this work. It is one of the works that make the case for inverting the frame.

Bibliographic record

VenueJournal of Petroleum Technology · 2020
Typearticle
Languageen
FieldEnergy
TopicOil, Gas, and Environmental Issues
Canadian institutionsnot available
Fundersnot available
KeywordsNatural gas pricesEarningsCommitIncentiveReputationOil shaleBusinessEconomicsNatural gasFinanceEngineeringMarket economyLawPolitical scienceWaste management

Abstract

fetched live from OpenAlex

The rising levels of routine flaring in the US have caught the eye of many, especially innovators who see a big opportunity to marry environmental action with good business sense. All these technology developers are united around the idea that routine flaring equates to burning billions of dollars a year. But most shale producers, faced with low prices and chronic takeaway constraints, have had little incentive to invest in capturing associated gas. However, the broad reach of North American shale developments has made the flaring of associated gas one of the sector’s most visible public relations problems, drawing ire from environmentalists and increased scrutiny from the media, regulators, and investors. There are now concerns that the “clean” reputation of natural gas may be lost if too much of it is burned up at the wellsite, or worse, vented straight into the atmosphere. In an earnings calls last year, executives at Pioneer Natural Resources—the largest pure-play operator in the Permian Basin—told investors that the company flares the second-smallest percentage of associated gas among large explorers. Pioneer shared a chart showing that it burned less than 2% of its associated gas compared with a basin peer group average of 5%. Including this measurable in its earnings report was a first for Pioneer and suggests that flaring may be a differentiator going forward. This development was followed by Occidental Petroleum, another large Permian operator, which said in February that it would commit to zero routine flaring by 2030—becoming the first US-based producer to make such a commitment. One way operators are cutting flaring is simply by not outstripping their takeaway capacity. Sometimes this means slowing well development or shutting in wells. The goal also can be reached by investing in technologies that put associated gas to a productive use, while allowing crude to flow from wellheads unabated. The list of ideas includes mini-facility solutions such as small-scale gas-to-liquids (GTL), compressed natural gas (CNG) in a box, and portable LNG units, all of which make small quantities of associated gas able to be transported by truck. Another idea is using associated gas as feedstock for mini-power plants. “I’ve been to the sites with black, smoky flares,” said Audrey Mascarenhas. “I would look at people pulling power off the grid and using fuel gas while wasting their own energy in a flare stack—that just didn’t make any sense to me.” So what did make sense? Incinerators. Mascarenhas is an industry veteran and petroleum engineer who retired from Gulf Oil in 1999 only to immediately re-enter the industry as the chief executive officer of Questor Technology. She spent the next 20 years at the helm of the Calgary-based company trying to help oil companies kick the habit with a line of advanced incinerators called “clean combustion thermal oxidizers.” In addition to removing volatile organic compounds (VOCs), methane, and other pollutants from associated gas, thus delivering cleaner emissions, the heat generated from the incineration can generate power to run a wellsite or even help evaporate produced water into a cheaper-to-dispose-of slurry.

Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.

Full frame distilled prediction

Teacher imitation

Not calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.

metaresearch head score (Codex)0.000
metaresearch head score (Gemma)0.000
Version: codex-gemma-dda1882f352aValidation status: machine_predicted_unvalidated
Candidate categoriesnone
Consensus categoriesnone
DomainCandidate signal: none · Consensus signal: none
Study designCandidate signal: Bench or experimental · Consensus signal: none
GenreCandidate signal: Empirical · Consensus signal: Empirical
Teacher disagreement score0.727
Threshold uncertainty score0.521

Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category

CategoryCodexGemma
Metaresearch0.0000.000
Meta-epidemiology (narrow)0.0000.000
Meta-epidemiology (broad)0.0000.000
Bibliometrics0.0000.000
Science and technology studies0.0000.000
Scholarly communication0.0000.000
Open science0.0000.000
Research integrity0.0000.000
Insufficient payload (model declined to judge)0.0000.000

Machine scores (provisional)

The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.

Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.

Opus teacher head0.006
GPT teacher head0.213
Teacher spread0.206 · how far apart the two teachers sit on this one work
Validation statusscore_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it